Price Discrimination: Concepts and Types

Price Discrimination: Concepts and Types â€Å"Please explain in details the concept of â€Å"price discrimination†, what are the different types of price discrimination. Explain with the use of examples.†   Ã‚   According to Phlips (1983, p.5) â€Å"the more one thinks about price discrimination, the harder it is to define.† Phlips (1983, p.6) suggests that price discrimination should be defined as† implying that two varieties of commodity are sold (by the same seller) to two different buyers at different net prices, the net price being the price (paid by the buyer) corrected for the cost associated with the product differentiation†. Another definition of price discrimination is â€Å"where a firm sells the same product at different prices† (Sloman, 2006, g.13). Geographical location, gender, race, age and income are some of the aspects in which discrimination among buyers may be established. In order for price discrimination to work, businesspeople must be incapable of buying goods at the lower price and reselling them at a much higher cost. The firm or company must have to some extent, monopoly power and firms must be capable of classifying domestic and industrial consumers (Economicsonline.co.uk, 2014). Laws against price discrimination have pursued to hinder its use by one business retailer driving out another competitive seller â€Å"bankrupt† by depreciating the rival in his own market, whereas retailing at a higher cost in other markets. (Encyclopedia Briticanna, 2014). There are three types of price discrimination. These are: first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price. According to Dwivedi (2006), the first-degree (also known as perfect price discrimination) is considered the â€Å"discriminatory pricing that attempts to take away the entire consumer surplus†. Investopedia (2014) defines consumer surplus as a form of economic strategy used to evaluate customer satisfaction. This is analyzed by exploring the difference between what customers are prepared to pay for each and every single good / service comparatively to the market price. Dwivedi states therefore, that only when the seller discerns the precise amount that a buyer is willing to pay for an item, (buyer’s demand curve) will first-degree price discrimination be deemed as successful. But how will the seller know this information? Dwivedi states that firstly the seller initiates the highest buying price that consumers are ready to pay (some may be willing to pay an elevated price while others at a lower price) and buy at minimum a unit of a product. Only when the consumer surpl us of this segment of customers is used up, the seller then progressively lowers the price so that consumer surplus of the buyers regarding the subsequent products can be obtained. An example of first-degree price discrimination provided by Cabral (2000, p. 170) is that of a doctor providing health care in a small town and who has ample information of all the people living in the town, particularly their financial status. Acting on this information, the doctor analyzes the client willingness to pay each fee and sets a suitable price. Another example provided by Cabral, is by aircraft. While certain manufacturers publish a list of fees for each airliner, in actuality each airline shells out a different cost for each aircraft. The graph image below shows a monopoly representation of the first-degree price discrimination. MC (marginal cost) and ATC (average total cost) are the regular curved shapes with MC traversing through the minimum point on the ATC curve. The solid line that slopes downwards represents the firm facing the market demand curve, which is identical to the firm’s demand curve, (D = d). The marginal revenue relates to the firm’s demand curve, (d = MR) since the company expenses every customer the highest price he / she is ready to make. At the output level, profit maximization happens; matching to MR equals marginal cost. Plast represents the price for each and every last unit of product sold. Subsequent units have a higher price. The end profit for the company adds up to the profits received for every unit subtracted from the ATC per unit (ATC0). The shaded area displays the total profit earned since the price for every unit is the highest price as established from the demand curve. Graham (2013). According to Mukherjee (2002), second-degree price discrimination is where prices vary depending on the amount of output bought by each consumer. This is also known as â€Å"volume discounting†. The seller incurs a higher â€Å"per-unit† cost for the lesser units sold while for the larger amount of product are sold at a lesser per-unit cost. Similar to the first-degree price discrimination, the company will result at a quantity of output where the marginal costs are covered by the prices charged. The objective of the seller is to draw out not the entirety of the consumer surplus, but just some of it as profits along with a remaining surplus. Ruby (2003). An example of this type of discrimination is the different prices charged for different sizes of cereal. Another example of this type of discrimination is the discounts found in stores; for instance a shoe store would advertise a list of shoes that qualify for the discount, where if a customer purchases one pair of shoes the other one would immediately grant that he/she gets a discount off the other pair of shoes. The illustration below represents a graph of second-degree discrimination. Ruby from digitaleconomist.org, utilizes an example of a company charging a variation of three prices for one item. He points out that if a user decides to purchase Q0 units then the cost P0 is charged for each unit of the good. For a larger quantity Q1 a lower charge P1 is made and for quantity Q*2 the price P2 is charged. â€Å"(the level of output such that P2=MC (Marginal Cost)† The third-degree price discrimination occurs where a firm is capable of dividing its consumers into different markets and charging different prices. Or in other words, charging different fees to each customer class. Each market is distinguished by exceptional â€Å"demand† characteristics. It is noted by Ruby that some of these particular markets may be â€Å"less† price sensitive in correspondence to others where the quantity demanded is more â€Å"sensitive† to cost alteration. This form of discrimination is very similar to second-degree price discrimination. An example provided by Managerial Economics, Hirschey (2009), is that a bus company may incur a lower fee and apply this type of price discrimination towards senior / aged people, as well as the disabled / handicapped individuals. This will therefore benefit these particular customers, providing a great service to ride the bus. Due to the increase of revenue earned from these passengers, the bus company may provide additional services such as going off route (routes that could not be maintained by the income from those full-fare customers only or it may be capable of functioning with a lesser taxpayer subsidy. References Phlips, L. (1983).The economics of price discrimination. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Sloman, J. (2006) Economics, (6th Ed). Prentice Hall/Financial Times. Economicsonline.co.uk,. (2014). Price discrimination. Retrieved 15 September 2014, from http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Price_discrimination.html Price discrimination. (2013). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago:Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Dwivedi, D. (2006).Microeconomics: Theory And Applications.(1st ed.). 327. New Delhi: Pearson Education. consumer surplus. (2014). Investopedia.com – Your Source For Investing Education. Retrieved September 15th, 2014, from Investopedia.com: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/consumer_surplus.asp Cabral, L. (2000). Introduction to Industrial Organization.(1st ed.) Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. Graham, R. (2013). Managerial Economics For Dummies. (1st ed.). [Graham, R. Graph of First Degree Price Discrimination]. Retrieved September 15th, 2014, from: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/basics-of-firstdegree-price-discrimination-in-mana.html Mukherjee, S. (2002). Modern Economic Theory. (4th ed.). New Age International. Ruby, D. (2003). Price Discrimination. Retrieved September 15th, 2014, from: http://digitaleconomist.org/pd_4010.html [Ruby, D. Graph of Second Degree Price Discrimination]. Retrieved September 15th, 2014 from: http://digitaleconomist.org/pd_4010.html Hirschey, M. (2009). Managerial Economics. (1st ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Purchase Orders

ABC Instructor Assignments 1. Ken's Carpets sells carpet for both residential and business use. To better estimate costs, the company recently adopted an activity-based costing system. Last year, the company incurred $300,000 in overhead costs. Based on an intense study of their company, the following activities, allocation bases, and percentages of overhead costs were determined: Activity| Allocation Base| Proportion of Overhead Cost| Purchasing| Number of purchase orders| 25%| Materials processing| Number of square feet| 50%| Sales| Number of sales orders| 25%|The number of activities for residential and business is as follows: | Residential| | Business Total Total Overhead| Number of purchase orders| 700| | 500 1,200 75,000| Number of square feet| 4,000,000| | 2,000,000 6,000,000 150,000 | Number of sales orders| 400| | 100 500 75,000| Required: A. | Calculate the total overhead that should be allocated to each of the three activities. Number of Purchase $75,000, Number of square feet $150,000, Number of sales orders $75,000. | | B. | Calculate the overhead rates for each of the three activities. Number of purchase 62. 5, Number of square feet 0. 025, Number of sales orders 150| | | C. | If a particular residential job requires 4 purchase orders and 1 sales order for total of 1,500 square feet of carpet, how much overhead should be allocated to the job? 4*62. 5 + 0. 025*1,500+1*150 = $437. 50| 2. Mountaineer Tents manufactures and sells heavy and light duty tents to various outdoor retailers. To better estimate costs, the company recently adopted an activity-based costing system.Last year, the company incurred $900,000 in overhead costs. Based on an intense study of their company, the following activities, allocation bases, and percentages of overhead costs were determined: Activity| Allocation Base| Proportion of Overhead Cost| Purchasing| Number of purchase orders| 55%| Inspections| Number of inspections| 20%| Sales| Number of sales orders| 25%| The number of activities for heavy and light duty tents is as follows: | Heavy-duty| | Light-duty| Number of purchase orders| 5,000| | 4,000| Number of inspections| 3,000| | 1,000| Number of sales orders| 800| | 400| Required:A. | Calculate the total overhead that should be allocated to each of the three activities. Number of purchase 4,950, Number of inspection 800, Number of sales 300| | | B. | Calculate the overhead rates for each of the three activities. Number of purchase 1. 82, Number of inspection 5, Number of sales 4| | | C. | If a single sales order requires 10 purchase orders and 30 inspections to fill, how much overhead should be applied to the order? 1*4+10*1. 82+30*5 = 191. 82| 3. The following overhead cost information is available for Millennium Inc. for 2006: Activity| Allocation Base| Overhead Cost|Purchasing| Number of purchase orders| $300,000| Machine setups| Number of setups| 150,000| Quality control| Number of inspections| 50,000| During the year, 4,000 purchase orders w ere issued; 8,000 machine setups were performed; and 2,000 inspections were conducted. Required: A. | Calculate the overhead rates for each of the three activities. Purchasing 75. 00, Machine Setups 18. 75, Quality Control 25| | | B. | If a particular job requires 10 purchase orders, 6 setups, and 5 inspections to fill, how much overhead should be applied to the job? | 10*75+6*18. 75+25*5 = 987. 5

How does Flaubert use the Agricultural fair at Rouen to further his satire of 19th century French society?

Gustave Flaubert wrote his novel Madame Bovary in the mid-nineteenth century as a satirical comment on the upper middle class, those who were just rich enough to pretend to be rich. Flaubert loathed them and wrote his novel to make them appear as the fools that he thought them to be. His loathing for the upper middle class of 1850's France stemmed from the ideals which they held. Flaubert saw his fellows as a generation lost to the meritless and frivolous dreams of the French Romantic movement. French Romanticism was a movement through all the creative arts towards idealising the world which artists constructed. Although equally present in music and visual art, Flaubert focused both his hatred and his satire on the literature of the time, this reactionary nature earned him the title of a â€Å"naturalist†. This was however something that Flaubert hated; the Naturalistic movement was one that focused on specifics and on realism in a work, whereas Flaubert sought to make his story one that was applicable to any setting. Though his attention to detail in places mirrors that of a realist or naturalist writer, this is not his essential purpose. Flaubert defies any attempt to fit his work to a particular movement or style in French literature, though there is little doubt that his work Madame Bovary is a reactionary satire of French romanticism and of the bourgeois society that regurgitated the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s of the movement. Each word in the novel is carefully chosen, so the book becomes a painstakingly constructed trap which ensnares the thoughts of the reader and guides them to the conclusions that Flaubert wants us to make. Although every word in the novel is vital to Flaubert's purpose, there are certain key passages that are particularly pivotal to the book. Among these is his description of the agricultural fair at Rouen in Part II Chapter 8. One section of this describes a conversation that occurs between Rodolphe and Emma in the provincial fair that surrounds it. The passage begins with a monologue from Rodolphe: what he expresses in the passage is a fairly clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ set of ideals from the romantic movement. He talks of â€Å"Striving souls† and â€Å"beating hearts† . Particularly typical is the idea of two souls matched by fate that cannot be drawn apart. However despite the words of the text the tone is not one of romance. Flaubert intentionally marrs Rodolphe's words by introducing them with the sentence: â€Å"Rodolphe had moved in closer to Emma, he was talking in a low voice, speaking rapidly† This has the effect that Rodolphe appears to be making a clumsy attempt to seduce Emma, rather than simply expressing noble sentiments. Another tool that Flaubert uses to make the entire situation still more comedic, is by consistently contrasting the everyday provinciality of the agricultural fair with the frivolous fantasies in which the two â€Å"star crossed lovers† engage. This is used consistently throughout the passage, but it makes its first appearance in introduction to this section: Flaubert talks of bleating lambs and cattle, then suddenly Rodolphe says: â€Å"Don't you find this social conspiracy revolting? Is there one sacred feeling that they do not condemn?†. This adds to the reader's feeling that Rodolphe and Emma are completely in a world of their own with little or no connection to the reality of the bovine conspirators. The reader should note the over-punctuation which creates a disjointed tone: Oh! Come what may, sooner or later, in six months, ten years, they will be together, will be lovers, because Fate ordains it, because they were born for one another. Flaubert runs the entire monologue into a single paragraph. This has the effect that we are left with the impression of a clumsy attempt at seduction muttered quickly under the breath. In the next paragraph Flaubert describes the sensations that Emma feels. He writes of Emma's observations of Rodolphe. Ironically much of the passage is devoted to describing the smell of Rodolphe's pomade and to the fresh scent of the ivy climbing a nearby house, but one can only imagine the onslaught of odours that would campaign against ones nostrils in a rural agricultural fair. Flaubert's writing here mimics that of French Romanticism, his style is an exaggeration of the literary genre that he seeks to mock. This is perhaps also a reflection of the feelings that Emma wants to have as much as the feelings that she does have. The next paragraph contains the concluding section of the Councillor's speech. One should note the immediate change: Emma has been lost to the scent of Rodolphe's hair, and then suddenly the councillor shouts out â€Å"Endurance! Perseverance!†, ideals which are in stark contrast to Emma's thoughts of desire. This serves to make Emma appear petty, concerned only with those matters that are emotive and frivolous. Flaubert makes another sly stab here, this time at the church. Endurance! Perseverance! Heed neither the voice of habit, nor the over-hasty teachings of rash empiricism! Dedicate yourselves above all to the improvement of the soil, to good manure, to the development of the various breeds, equine, bovine, ovine and porcine. If one reads the opening sentences from the Councillor's speech it becomes clear that his manner of oration is based on the stereotype of a â€Å"hellfire and damnation† preacher: the resemblance can perhaps be most clearly seen in the way he cries out virtues, and in â€Å"Heed neither the voice of habit, nor the over-hasty teachings of rash empiricism† a sentence that is quite biblical in its construction if not in its subjects. This is certainly a caricature of an evangelical preacher. This impression is aided by the Councillor's introduction: â€Å"†¦she could hear†¦ the voice of the councillor psalming out his phrases† Mimicking the style of a over-zealous padre serves to mock the church by imitation. Applying this same manner of speech to such a mundane topic as agriculture rather than religion serves to demystify it, making it appear comical. Lieuvain then dismounts his pulpit and is replaced by another speaker. Flaubert takes the opportunity of introducing the new orator to contrast the trivial nature of Rodolphe and Emma's discourse with the profound speech of Monsieur Derozerays. This is done by contrasting pairs of sentences throughout the paragraph, alternating between describing the lovers' conversation, and describing the speech. This technique begins thus: Accordingly, praise of the government played a lesser role; religion and agriculture were rather more in evidence†¦ Rodolphe, with Madame Bovary, was talking dreams, premonitions, magnetism. We now move a little lower on the page and find a similar contrast: †¦Cincinnatus at his plough, Diocletian planting his cabbages and the emperors of China bringing in the New Year by planting seeds, the young man was explaining to the young woman that these irresistible attractions had their origin in some previous existence†¦ Flaubert clearly wants to make a mockery of the whole situation. He is trivialising these matters of the heart by comparing them to the hardworking people of the fields, where the labourers are planting seeds for the New Year. Flaubert continues to alternate between describing the speech and describing the seduction. The contrasts between the two begin subtly but as we continue down the page they grow less and less so. By the time we reach the bottom of the page Flaubert has begun to intermingle the words of Rodolphe, speaking of love and destiny and of all the ideals of French romanticism and Derozerays, who talks of money of work and of that which is concrete and substantive: – Did you know that I would be escorting you? – Seventy francs!3 – A hundred times I wanted to leave, and I followed you, I stayed. – Manures! – As I shall stay this evening, tomorrow and the day after, all my life. Flaubert's purpose in this entire extract is to satirise the seduction. More importantly, it is to show that the ideals that are shared by the Bourgeoisie and the Church concern matters that are emotive and are therefore trivial compared to those things concrete such as land, money and food. Flaubert trivialises the entire Romantic genre by setting a clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d romantic conversation, that proliferates with the language and metaphors that permeate the literature that he is satirising. He then places this exaggeration of the Romantic movement into a situation that is overwhelmingly provincial and agricultural. This serves his purpose of mocking the petty bourgeoisie and the Romantic movement.

Are Cell Phones Dangerous to Your Health - 1504 Words

The number of mobile phone subscribers in the Philippines has soared from over 22.5 million in 2003 to over 57.3 million in 2007. It continues to rise daily at a very fast clip, allowing us to maintain our dubious claim as the text capital of the world. On the other hand, statistics in the United States show just how deeply ingrained cell phones have become in people’s lives: Fully 78 percent of all American adults own them, including 86 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds and 55 percent of those who are 65 and older. Overall, it is estimated that there are three billion cell phone users in the world. Each time a cell phone user makes a call, it emits a low level of radiofrequency energy as the phone’s antenna generates radio waves that†¦show more content†¦Adults should keep the phone away from their heads and use the speaker phone or a wireless headset, he said. He also warned against using the cell phones in public places such as a bus because it exposes others to the phone’s electromagnetic fields. The Other Side In fact, other than the University of Pittsburgh, no other major academic cancer-research institution has sounded the same alarm about cell phone use. And certain members of the scientific community took exception to Herberman’s advice, â€Å"It’s important to not confuse exposure with risk,† says Peter Inskip of the NCI. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society (ACS), says, â€Å"The University of Pittsburgh exaggerated the risks. They were unnecessarily scaring people. Most of the scientific community was wondering what Herberman, with no expertise, was doing.† For example, the NCI’s data show that overall, brain tumor rates have been steady. From 1987 to 2005, the rate of brain cancer has not increased despite the increase in cell phone users, from 110 million in 2000 to 208 million in 2005. In 2000, a multi-million-dollar study called Interphone beganShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Effect of Cell Phones on Health1300 Words   |  6 Pagesof the cell phone proves no exception. Arguably, as a communication tool, the cell phone has no equal in how it has changed and affected our lives. Mostly, the effect has been positive in many ways. But, as it is with anything, overuse and abuse has brought out its dark side and the effect of unintended consequences. One of the unintended consequences of the cell phone is its effect on the health of its users and even the health of those around them. What is the effect of the cell phone on ourRead MoreBad Effects of Cell Phone on Society856 Words   |  4 PagesBAD EFFECTS OF CELL PHONE ON SOCIETY A report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) said there were about six billion cell phone subscriptions at the end of 2011-roughly one for 86 of every 100 people. Up to now, this number has continued to increase dramatically. This proves certainly that cell phone affects our society more strongly and more deeply in many aspects. No one can deny that cell phone is playing a very important and necessary role in our society because it not onlyRead MoreCell Phones Effects On Interpersonal Relationships, Driving Skills, And Individual Health967 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phones are a growing trend around the world, but we do not know much about the health risks associated with them. Many children, students, and adults use their phones frequently, and there could be many growing common risks developing that we are unaware of. Cell Phones are a recent invention that has brought people together all around the world and mostly beneficial but are associated to some dangers. Usi ng cell phones has effects on interpersonal relationships, driving skills, and individualRead MoreCan Cell Phones Harm our Health? Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesIs there dangerous radiation coming from our cell phones? Over the past few years there has been concern about our health when it comes to cell phones. Some people say that cell phones are dangerous because there is harmful radiation coming from them. Others say that cell phones are safe. However, cell phones emit 900-1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields during calls which effects the protein structures in mice and humans (Eid 573). Therefore, cell phones can be dangerous to humans. MostRead MoreDangers of Cell Phones Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagestheir phones. Everyone shooting texts, updating social media and answering calls. Cell phones have truly changed the way how people connect to other people. Thirty years ago you would have to walk up to the cute guy at the bar, but with modern technology you can just s hoot him a text instead. When many people think of the dangers of cell phones they think of all the accidents that they cause by distracted drivers. Many people don’t realize that not only distracted driving makes cell phones dangerousRead MoreThe Benefits and Dangers of Cell Phones Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phone One of the greatest inventions created in the modern world is the cell phone or is it not? The cell phone has been rapidly growing for many years. A cell phone is necessary and important. Using a cell phone to communicate with family, business and in emergency is an excellent way of communicating, but on the other hand, cell phone is a distraction. With the invention of the cell phone there have been both good and bad results, where people will always be a source of communication duringRead MoreDoes a Cell-Phone Conversation Affect Reaction Time?1048 Words   |  4 Pages Cell phones distract drivers everyday. Cell phones can pull peoples attention away and onto their phone. Cell phones even cause fatal crashes. Studies have shown that cell phones pull a drivers attention away, and onto their phones, causing their reaction time to slow down. In my experiment, I will be testing to see if it is true, that cell phones slow down your reaction time. If cell phones do affect reaction tim e, then it would show how cell phones do affect us while driving. AccordingRead MoreMarxism in Brave New World Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagestouch with your children, and know their whereabouts. (The Pew study noted that 48 percent of parents use the phone to monitor their childs location.) * Your kids can reach you in the event of an emergency, and vice versa. * If in danger, your children can reach the authorities or a medical provider. * Phones can be silenced during class or study periods, and active only in appropriate places. * Cell phones create a convenience that was previously unavailable. With cell phones, you canRead MoreCell Phones1218 Words   |  5 PagesAre cell phones dangerous? Cell phones are a wonderful thing. You can talk. Take pictures. Listen to music. Converse over email or text messaging, and browse the Internet among a handful of other things. I love to use my cell phone and actually use it more then any other phone at the office or at home. However, I use it with immense concern. I have concern about the use of the phone causing health issues, like cancer and brain tumors over time. Are these concerns warranted? I have studied technologyRead MoreCell Phone Usage Among Children And Teens911 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phone Usage In Children and Teens Cell Phones. A device that all people are familiar with, especially teens, knows about cell phones. They know that they can surf the web, take pictures, play games, buy things, and communicate with people. In fact today most teens do not know what to do without a phone in there hand. It is reported that 92% (Snyder) of teens use a cell phone daily and 25% of teens report to be constantly using a cell phone! Cell phones have completely changed society around

Getting the Best Toefl Essay Writing Topics

Getting the Best Toefl Essay Writing Topics The Hidden Gem of Toefl Essay Writing Topics Knowing the most frequent IELTS essay topics lets you center on the most essential vocabulary. The capability to write down what you're thinking is not merely essential for TOEFL, but in addition for your academic and professional career. There are two primary means by which you can use the most frequent IELTS essay topics to your benefit. Writing about a different topic is a simple means to receive a very low score. On the true TOEFL, you will have the reading passage for reference as you write, so it'll be displayed again here. One of the most frequent varieties of essays you must write at university in addition to on the IELTS or TOEFL is a. The following two sections will explain the format and requirements of every one of the writing tasks together with how they'll be scored. Therefore, among the lowest scores students may receive is for missing the topic. All you will need is to specify your demands and earn a payment. Because of many risks, you're very likely to face when you order and pay for essay on the internet, you have to be careful when selecting the service to trust. What you have to do is to fill out the purchase form, make a payment, and in a few minutes, you'll get your private essay helper. Then your helper will begin to compose an assignment for you. Vital Pieces of Toefl Essay Writing Topics A number of the essay topics below may appear to contain subjects that don't have anything in common. It must be typed, so test-takers should be familiar with a computer keyboard. An academic essay always must be relevant. Always remember your academic essay needs to be playful it must not bore your audience. When you compose the essay by yourself, you still have to visit the library to research on your favorite topic to discuss, etc.. Study the topic question to find out what you are going to be writing about. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you must clearly show your analytical skills. The multiple topics could possibly be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Here's What I Know About Toefl Essay Writing Topics Each section should have a minumum of one separate paragraph. Each paragraph starts with a new significant point that's then explained. You don't require an introductory paragraph, but you need to definitely compose a thesis statement. You ought to give reasons that support your choice. There are difference contexts that could be used within the identical subject so that you must make certain that you will be clear in regards to identifying the section of the topic that you're going to speak about. Your response ought to be 150-225 words. Normally, an effective response is going to be 150 to 225 words. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Toefl Essay Writing Topics Is Wrong You won't be required to get any former knowledge on a topic. You will obviously be unable to predict the specific topic that will come up. The topic is going to be a comprehensive surprise. In our website the topics are grouped based on their type. Folks should sometimes do things they do not delight in doing. Other people believe that it is always preferable to have a teacher. Using Toefl Essay Writing Topics A lot of people who wish to attend colleges in the USA take the TOEFL. Students are different in regards to their preferences about subjects. Food is now simpler to prepare. Nowadays, it has become easier to prepare. With the aid of technology, life is easier today than previously. If people succeed, it is due to hard work. Most folks work with or will probably work with several different kinds of people. Why do they go to college.

An Obsession with Body Image Essay - 546 Words

An Obsession with Body Image Millions of Americans — women and men — have a secret obsession. Theyre obsessed with how they look, who wouldn’t like a flatter stomach? They worry that their thighs are too flabby, their breasts are too small, their arms are too scrawny, their face is too chubby, their body build is too small — any body part can become the focus of this obsession. Quite obviously, most people care about how they look. I have found that most of these insecurities are a prodigy of media: television, magazines, dolls, action figures, and so forth. Surveys have shown that many of us are dissatisfied with some aspect of how we look. In the survey I conducted I found a few answer about the body image society†¦show more content†¦I went to a local Target and examined a few popular doll and action figures. These toys had many things in common. Each item was flawless, no acne, love handles, double chins, thunder thighs- NOTHING. In fact these so-called â€Å"hum an-like† dolls were perfect! Yet, one thing was wrong, I could not find one person that resembled Cheerleading Barbie or Surfboarding Ken in the entire Target store. If one wanted to look like any of the dolls on those shelves they would most likely spend many years at the plastic surgeons office because it is not realistic for the average body to do it alone by eating right and exercising. â€Å"Dolls might be planting in boys’ minds a template for a he-man’s body that cannot be attained without engaging tin obsessive behaviors to build muscle and strip off fat, and then augmentation those efforts through the consumption of drugs like human growth hormone and anabolic steroids.† It has been proven that if Barbie was real that she would not be able to reproduce or even stand up because of her unnaturally thin body. Sadly enough these dolls and action-figures tell those who play with them that beauty lies in â€Å"abs of steel,† clear skin, and dangerously thin or unattainable muscular bodies. The methods to which people to go to change their body can often be physically and mentally dangerous. People go to great length is pursuit toShow MoreRelatedThe Obsession with Body Image Among Adolescents1789 Words   |  8 Pagesinclude low self-esteem to resorting to eating disorders. Body image is also very important among teens these days. The pressure of trying to attain the â€Å"ideal† image is detrimental to some. Body image is commonly defined as â€Å"the degree of satisfaction with one’s current physical self—size, shape, or physical appearance† (Jones, 2001, p.1). Many studies have shown that adolescents, especially females, place great emphasis on body image due to social comparison. 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Importance of Team Management in Maintaining Organisational Behaviour

Question: Describe the Importance of Team Management in Maintaining Organisational Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Organisational behaviour determines the justified actions and body language undertaken for interacting with people within an organisation. The structure, group discussion, and behavioural aspects of the associated employees are the major focus to maintain a skilled organisational behaviour18. It is stated that organisational behaviour is considered as an interdisciplinary field, which is associated with communication, sociology, management, and psychology. It is noted that the leaders and the managers are the major responsible people who are involved with team management process. On the other hand, it is noted that the efficient team management is formulated by the people with common preferences and attitude13. The cohesiveness between the group members is necessary in order to achieve the pre-determined goals. The efficient leaders are the major responsible people to build an efficient team in order to establish the effective organisational behaviour. It is even necessary to underst and the importance of team management process that can be fruitful for maintaining the organisational behaviour. The study is focusing on the management of organisational behaviour in Coca Cola Company. The study will be highlighting the identified issues concerned with the team management system in the organisation. The theoretical analysis will be presented in order to clarify the underlying concept. The conceptual analysis of the subject matter will be associated to discuss the importance of team management in order to maintain the organisational behaviour. Company Background Coca Cola is the leading brand in the food and beverage industry. The company is much renowned as the leading marketer, produces, and supplier of the non-alcoholic beverages to the customers worldwide. It is to be noted that the company deals with the exclusive brands of water, coffee, energy drinks, water, cold drinks, and juice. The company has been operating in more than 200 nations in the world5. Therefore, it has captured the significant position in the global beverage market. In order to remain competitive, the company requires maintaining the internal organisational behaviour as well. However, in this current situations, there are several issues have been found in the internal team management process undertaken by the company6. The further section of the study will be identifying the issues associated with the team management process. Identification of the Issues In this current scenario, it is seen that Coca Cola has established the insubstantial strategic management team, which is infusing the larger problem within the company. There are several global challenges are associated in this strategic management process undertaken by the company. In order to undertake the internationalised management structure, it is required to keep the focus on the appropriate strategic management14. When the company deals with the employees from different countries, it becomes difficult to manage the diversified people. It was implied that the effective strategic management is the process of identifying the organisational objectives and proper allocation of the resources. While dealing with the employees from different cultural background, it is necessary to maintain the cohesiveness19. The team bonding is the driving force for the accomplishments of the organisational objectives. However, the major problem that the management of Coca Cola has been facing is t he inefficiency of the leaders. The company deals with the international employees who are different to each other. It is noted that the chief executive officers are associated with the implementation of the strategic functionalities, which can manage the larger population12. However, it becomes difficult to understand the behavioural traits of the employees who belong to diverse cultures. In Coca Cola, the strategic management process has become of the major issues due to such diverse scenario. The inefficiency of the manager to resolve conflicts is also a major concern behind such mismanagement process. The managers face the real trouble when they need to structure the environmental functionalities in order to achieve the short term and long term goals. If the company requires strengthening the organisational position in a competitive market, the management needs to pay attention towards the identified problem related to the strategic management. It is necessary to acquire the proper communication skills since th e employees face trouble in communicating with the upper management11. It is noted that interaction with the people from different culture is challenging. It is to be explained that the greater efficiency of the managers determines the accomplishments of the strategic goals10. Hence, it is necessary to identify the proper theoretical analysis, which will provide the fruitful insight of the organisational behaviour. Such literature based discussion will be focusing on the importance of team management for ensuring effective organisational behaviour. Concept of Team Management in Organisational Behaviour It is to be signified that the effective team management refers to the different functionalities, which gather the team members to work together for accomplishing the pre-determined goals. The team members are needed to be the biggest priority for the managers in such cases. It is to be noted that the efficient leaders are the major responsible people to build an effective team. Hence, the efficient leadership skill is necessary to build a team and set the functionalities in order to achieve the organisational objectives15. While dealing with the employees from different cultural background, the leaders need to pay attention towards the proper communication skills7. Accordingly, they deal with several situational conflicts, which may create the negative impact on the organisational scenario. Hence, it is necessary to understand the basic concept of effective leadership skills, which will represent an efficient organisational behaviour. There are some of the theories, which are defini ng the skilled attributes of the leaders for managing the teams. Tuckmans teamwork theory describes the efficient team management scenario, which can bring efficiencies to the organisational performance16. The description of the theory is presented further. Teamwork Theory of Tuckman In order to build an efficient team, Tuckman has provided a theoretical insight to the organisational management. This theory is based on a group study, which represents several perspectives, which analyses the behaviour of the different people in a team. It was found that there are two different behavioural traits, which are common in every team5. These two traits are the interpersonal structure and the activities of the team. Based on such traits, Tuckman found four different stages, which lead towards the establishment of the efficient teams. These stages are described further. Stage 1- Forming stage: The first phase of this theoretical description is the testing orientation, which represents the degree of conflicts. The formation phase is considered as the initial phase in which the individuals are unwilling to work as a team. In this stage, it has been observed that individual seek the personal benefits instead of working with other team members. In such stage, the individuals try to find the purpose of being gathered in a team and work for a specific reason. The leaders need to clarify the purpose of starting up a new time1. Later, the leaders need to determine the strengthened establishment of the team, which can take over another team. Stage 2- Storming Stage: In this phase, the team members gain the insights of being a part of a team. However, it has been observed that the team members face several potential challenges during this stage. Especially, when the employees are in a team, which consists of the people from different cultural background, it becomes very hard to cope with each other. Moreover, the team members are often unaware of the functionalities that they need to perform9. The leaders need to maintain the responsibilities to make them aware of the team functionalities and guide the proper way. The occurrence of conflicts and confrontations takes place in this stage. Many of the employees lose focus on the task during such stage. Hence, it is considerably the most challenging stage. Stage 3- Normal Stage: In this stage, the team members gather together to develop the process by performing in an efficient way. The leaders make the team members aware of the rules and responsibilities to work accordingly. The team members become responsible to help each other in the team and complete the assigned tasks2. Moreover, in this stage, the employees divide the work and allocate the different parts of the task to the other members. The structured process performed through team efforts will be appreciated in this stage. Stage 4- Performing Stage: the final stage of this theory is the performing stage, which determines the performance attributes of the members associated with the team. In this stage, the team members enhance their focuses towards accomplishing the objectives. In fact, the team members provide their fruitful efforts to strengthen their relationships with the other team members4. The effectiveness of the performance parameter is necessary in this stage. The theory is developed to make people understand the evolving nature of a new team. In fact, the theory clarifies the internal conflicts that may arise in different situation However, there is a limitation underlying in Tuckmans theory of team management. It is observed that the theory is much sequential and linear17. In spite of being a most preferable analytical tool, it becomes tough to structure the theory as several loops are evolved involved. For example, it can be inferred that many of the organisations face difficulties in building the team. Moreover, the inefficiency of the leaders may sometimes fail to bring the employees together in order to formulate a team. It is even noted that not every team runs smoothly and requires more efforts. While bringing the employees from different cultural background together, it is required establishing a greater communication skill. Hence, it can be inferred that the theory is somewhat limited. Amabile and Kramers Progress Theory Unlike many other theories associated with the team management, Amabile and Kramers Progress theory is also suggesting several steps of establishing an effective team. This particular theory focuses on several factors, which are needed to be maintained by the leaders or the authority to establish a team13. These factors are discussed below. Clarification of the Objectives and Goals The rapid changes in this current scenario, the changes in the objectives and goals have become much prominent. Therefore, it has become necessary to clarify the pre-determined goals as well as the changes make in the existing objectives. It can be explained that when the goals and objectives are changing, it becomes tough for the employees to set their focus on a particular objective. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the specific goals to the employees. The leaders thus need to set the SMART (Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound) goals that are cleared to the employees. The expectation of the company from the employees is also becomes clear before formation of a team. Apart from knowing the determined objectives, the employees need to gain the ideas about the connection between activities that they need to finish. Allowing the Autonomy It is true that the employees need to fulfil the expectation of the company by completing the assigned tasks. Moreover, they need to be knowledgeable enough regarding the organisational goals. However, it is important for the employees to select their preferable way of working. The management ought to provide such freedom to the employees to work in accordance with their selected process3. The new ideas and innovations of work functionalities occur if the management provide such opportunities to the employees. Providing the required Resources If the employees do not receive the sufficient resources to perform the work, it becomes difficult for them to complete the task. Moreover, the employees cannot maintain the consistency in their working schedule. The management thus needs to pay attention towards the proper resources, which can bring efficiency to the performance management. Providing the sufficient time It is noted that the team members sometimes face the difficulties due to the time constraints. When the task is allocated to a team, a deadline is set to complete the task. In order to bring the efficiency, it is required to provide the ample time to the team members. When the team members have been receiving enough time to complete any activity, they can use more innovative skills to get the works done. Moreover, the effective performance attributes will also be identified. Providing Supports The supports are the major needs for each of the employees to complete any task. In such regards, the supervisors and the leaders play the vital role. The continuous monitoring of the employees performance is necessary for measuring the progress of their works. Moreover, if the employees are receiving the works as per their expertise, it becomes easier to complete the task quickly. Hence, the supports and expertise factors are much necessary for building a team. Reward and Recognition The efficient performance attributes and the maintenance of the consistency are needed to be recognised by the management. Accordingly, the team and the individuals in the team are needed to be appreciated. When the employees receive the sense of appreciation, it motivates them to perform in a better way. The reward process is thus justified as the most effective motivational process. The recognition of these theories is ensuring that the team building is important enough for an effective organisational behaviour. The maintenance of such steps will establish a strengthen team. In addition to this the leaders are needed to be efficient enough to communicate with the employees and build a strengthened team. Recommendation The identified issue associated with the organisational behaviour in Coca Cola is suggesting that the management is unable to manage the international employees. In considering the theories associated with the team management system, it can be stated that the company needs to establish the efficient communication process. It is noted that the people from diversified cultures and different countries face difficulties in interactions. When they face such language barriers and the lack of transparency, the conflicts between the team members increase. Therefore, the executive managers of Coca Cola needs to establish the transparent communication process to interact these employees. The internationalised strategic decisions are needed to be clarified to the employees in order to provide the insights about the organisational objectives. When the employees will be able to communicate with the team members and upper management, the chances of the situational conflicts will be less. Moreover, the management will be able to resolve the conflicts in a significant manner. Conclusion The study discusses the importance of team building for maintaining the effective organisational behaviour. Coca Cola has been facing several difficulties to manage the team which is associated with the people from different cultural background. The theoretical concept is thus specifying that the company requires paying attention towards establishing the communicational transparency. The recognition of the factors is necessary. It determines the maintenance of the organisational behaviour that leads towards organisational excellence. It will be effective enough in interacting with the employees to resolve the issues. Hence, the clarification of the goals through effective communication is necessary for building a team. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the maintenance of the efficiency of the leaders would be effective enough to motivate the employees. The performance attributes will be ensuring the proper organisational behaviour. References Amabile T, Kramer S. How leaders kill meaning at work. McKinsey Quarterly. 2012 Jan 1;1(2012):124-31. Binder J. Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. CRC Press; 2016 Apr 22. Cameron E, Green M. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers; 2015 Mar 3. Cardador MT, Northcraft GB, Whicker J. A theory of work gamification: Something old, something new, something borrowed, something cool?. Human Resource Management Review. 2016 Sep 26. Coca-Cola overcomes challenges to seize BI opportunities [Internet]. SearchBusinessAnalytics. 2016 [cited 13 October 2016]. 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